A guide to the scorpions of Australia
From rainforests to deserts, the Australian environment is incredibly varied and may be home to more than 100 species of scorpion.
They prey upon anything smaller than themselves: beetles, crickets, spiders and even small frogs and skinks. Our scorpions vary in length from 2–12cm, and are typically nocturnal animals that seek refuge during the day under debris or in burrows. This elusive behaviour, and the fact that they sometimes live in remote habitats, means they are seldom seen. Scorpion stings are therefore infrequent, but some species can make a nuisance of themselves by entering people’s homes.
Even if stings do occur, these are usually just a painful irritation, because none of our known scorpions have fatal venom. The Buthidae family includes all of the world’s most venomous scorpions, such as deathstalker and fat-tailed scorpions with potent stings, but Australia’s buthids are much smaller, and victims of their stings don’t usually require medical assistance.
1. Desert scorpion
Urodacus yaschenkoi
8–11cm
This large and aggressive scorpion is widespread throughout the deserts of Australia’s interior. To shelter from the sweltering daytime heat of the inland, this species constructs deep, spiral burrows up to 1m deep in sandy soils.
2. Rainforest scorpion
Hormurus waigiensis
5–8cm
This scorpion is well adapted to the rainforests of QLD and north-eastern NSW. Its large claws help to lock its flat body into rock and log crevices away from predators, and also assist it in ambushing wandering prey.
3. Spider-hunting scorpion
Isometroides vescus
2.5–5.5cm
This scorpion lives in Australia’s arid inland, and has likely evolved to become a specialist spider hunter. It’s thought that it shelters in the burrows of trapdoor spiders, having killed the spider beforehand.
4. Flinders Ranges scorpion
Urodacus elongatus
9–12cm
One of Australia’s largest and most spectacular scorpion species. It’s found exclusively in the gullies of the Flinders Ranges and surrounds in SA, where it lives in shallow scrapes that it constructs under rocks.
5. Marbled scorpion
Lychas marmoreus
1.5–4cm
This little mottled scorpion is currently found throughout southern Australia and probably represents several species. Mainly associated with gum forests, it is known to occasionally enter people’s houses.
6. Dwarf forest scorpion
Liocheles australasiae
2–3cm
This species is found in Cape York, QLD, and South-East Asia. It lives in colonies 40m above the ground, under the bark of trees in rainforest canopies. Females of some populations can asexually produce clones of themselves.
7. Salt lake scorpion
Australobuthus xerolimniorum
4cm
One of our most interesting scorpions, this species is adapted to inland SA’s harsh, barren salt lakes. At night it roams the lakes’ surfaces, where it hunts resting flies and small spiders with limited competition from other scorpions.
8. Buchar’s scorpion
Lychas buchari
5cm
A small scorpion that may in fact be several species, it inhabits sand dunes throughout SA and WA. As it waits to ambush passing invertebrates, its light colouration provides camouflage in the sand and small shrubs at night.
