Slipping across the silken water of Simpson Harbour in a bananaboat, Andrew Luaina looks toward the ash-billowing cone of Mt Tavurvur, which sits on the south-eastern fringe of Rabaul, Papua New Guinea.
In Papua New Guinea, kids live with their parents and extended families in coconut-palm-tree huts, built upon the volcanic ash, which has stripped the trees bare.
Dorothea Bigina, from Kabuni, PNG, had her facial tattoos applied at puberty by a female relative. Tattooing has been a coastal New Guinean custom for thousands of years but has decreased in prevalence since WWII.
In the village of Kabuni, in the Tufi area of Oro, or Northern Province in PNG, sago is moulded into a loaf-like shape, wrapped in sago leaves, and fired for a minute on a blazing palm-leaf fire.
Cloaked in smoke and donning animalistic masks, the bare-footed men of the Baining Mountains tango with fire during a time-honoured Papua New Guinean initiation ceremony.
Papua New Guinea’s volatile volcanoes have rocked its people for centuries – but the resilient spirit of these islanders continues to rise above the cloaking ash.